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- The New Deal
- During the 1930's, America witnessed a breakdown of the Democratic and
- free enterprise system as the US fell into the worst depression in history.
- The economic depression that beset the United States and other countries
- was unique in its severity and its consequences. At the depth of the depression,
- in 1933, one American worker in every four was out of a job. The great industrial
- slump continued throughout the 1930's, shaking the foundations of Western
- capitalism.
- The New Deal describes the program of US president Franklin D. Roosevelt
- from 1933 to 1939 of relief, recovery, and reform. These new policies aimed to
- solve the economic problems created by the depression of the 1930's. When Roosevelt
- was nominated, he said, "I pledge you, I pledge myself, to a new deal for the
- American people." The New Deal included federal action of unprecedented scope to
- stimulate industrial recovery, assist victims of the Depression, guarantee minimum
- living standards, and prevent future economic crises. Many economic, political, and
- social factors lead up to the New Deal. Staggering statistics, like a 25% unemployment
- rate, and the fact that 20% of NYC school children were under weight and malnourished,
- made it clear immediate action was necessary.
- In the first two years, the New Deal was concerned mainly with relief,
- setting up shelters and soup kitchens to feed the millions of unemployed. However
- as time progressed, the focus shifted towards recovery. In order to accomplish this
- monumental task, several agencies were created. The National Recovery Administration
- (NRA) was the keystone of the early new deal program launched by Roosevelt. It was
- created in June 1933 under the terms of the National Industrial Recovery Act. The NRA
- permitted businesses to draft "codes of fair competition," with presidential approval,
- that regulated prices, wages, working conditions, and credit terms. Businesses that
- complied with the codes were exempted from antitrust laws, and workers were given the
- right to organize unions and bargain collectively. After that, the government set up
- long-range goals which included permanent recovery, and a reform of current abuses.
- Particularly those that produced the boom-or-bust catastrophe. The NRA gave the President
- power to regulate interstate commerce. This power was originally given to Congress. While
- the NRA was effective, it was bringing America closer to socialism by giving the President
- unconstitutional powers. In May 1935 the US Supreme Court, in Schechter Poultry Corporation
- V. United States, unanimously declared the NRA unconstitutional on the grounds that the
- code-drafting process was unconstitutional.
- Another New Deal measure under Title II of the National Industrial Recovery Act
- of June 1933, the Public Works Administration (PWA), was designed to stimulate US
- industrial recovery by pumping federal funds into large-scale construction projects. The
- head of the PWA exercised extreme caution in allocating funds, and this did not stimulate
- the rapid revival of US industry that New Dealers had hoped for. The PWA spent $6 billion
- enabling building contractors to employ approximately 650,000 workers who might otherwise
- have been jobless. The PWA built everything from schools and libraries to roads and highways.
- The agency also financed the construction of cruisers, aircraft carriers, and destroyers for
- the navy.
- In addition, the New Deal program founded the Works Projects Administration in 1939.
- It was the most important New Deal work-relief agency. The WPA developed relief programs
- to preserve peoples skills and self-respect by providing useful work during a period of
- massive unemployment. From 1935 to 1943 the WPA provided approximately 8 million jobs at
- a cost of more than $11 billion. This funded the construction of thousands of public buildings
- and facilities. In addition, the WPA sponsored the Federal Theater Project, Federal Art
- Project, and Federal Writers' Project providing work for people in the arts. In 1943, after
- the onset of wartime prosperity, Roosevelt terminated the WPA.
- One of the most well known, The Social Security Act, created a system of
- old-age pensions and unemployment insurance, which is still around today. Social security consists
- of public programs to protect workers and their families from income losses associated with old age,
- illness, unemployment, or death.
- The Fair Labor Standards Act (1938) established a federal Minimum Wage and maximum-hours
- policy. The minimum wage, 25 cents per hour, applied to many workers engaged in interstate commerce.
- The law was intended to prevent competitive wage cutting by employers during the Depression. After
- the law was passed, wages began to rise as the economy turned to war production. Wages and prices
- continued to rise, and the original minimum wage ceased to be relevant. However, this new law still
- excluded millions of working people, as did social security.
- However, a severe recession led many people to turn against New Deal policies. In addition,
- World War II erupted in September 1939. Causing an enormous growth in the economy as war goods were
- once again in great demand. No major New Deal legislation was enacted after 1938.
- The Depression was a devastating event in America, and by regulating banks and the stock
- market the New Deal eliminated the dubious financial practices that had helped precipitate the
- Great Depression. However, Roosevelt's chief fiscal tool, deficit spending, proved to be ineffective
- in averting downturns in the economy.
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